NREL estimates average annual soiling losses of 2% to 7% in the United States, with losses exceeding 25% in high-dust environments. The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme estimates global soiling-induced annual energy losses at 3% to 5%, representing billions in lost revenue industrywide. In dollar terms, even small soiling percentages on a utility-scale installation represent six- and seven-figure revenue losses over the life of the asset.